Probation and Punishment Essay - 674 Words

Is Kris able to come back to society after probation? Kris Young is 25 years old, and got into some trouble at age 13and received probation for a case involving battery. While Kris was on probation he was arrested for criminal trespass and he had received additional probation time. Some of my results from the file review did not match Roberts. Two views in which Robert and I had the same were giving Kris and extension for probation period beyond the original two years. Because Kris fail to pay his fine amount within the stipulated period and was giving the extension so that he will have time to pay off his fine. Another view in which was the same was Kris having a successful completion of his probation was the same, because he got†¦show more content†¦Probation reports and recommendations remain in your court file forever, although they are kept confidential from the general public without a court order. The majority of criminal cases are resolved by way of a plea bargain. Plea bargains (also known as negotiated dispositions, p lea agreements, or deals) involve the defendant entering a plea of guilty (or no contest) to one or more charges, usually lesser charges, in exchange for a promise of a substantially reduced sentence. But even when the prosecutor and the attorney cut a deal, sentencing is always decided by the court. Sometimes, a client will go to trial and be found guilty of one or more of the charges. This, too, may involve lesser charges to those of which he or she was originally accused. When either of these things happens, either a plea bargain or a guilty verdict, the defendant is referred to probation by the court, because the judge usually does not know enough about the defendant or the nature of the offense to make an informed and intelligent decision about the sentence. When the client is referred to probation is when the probation officers work begins. The PO conducts an investigation, prepares a report, and makes the recommendation as to what the judge should do at sentencing. As mentioned earlier, the court is free to follow the recommendation contained in the report, or deviate from it, but the report and recommendation is alwaysShow MoreRelatedProbation And Punishment Essay examples692 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Probation and Punishment In review of Kris’ file, I learned that Kris had been in trouble in the past, as a juvenile, Kris was arrested both for battery and trespassing and now as an adult Kris has been arrested for theft. Kris, now a married adult is looking to â€Å"start over and have a life outside of crime. In review of Kris’ probation paperwork, I do agree with Robert’s decision for thoughts for the most part. I agree with Robert in the fact that Kris needs an intensive probation programRead MoreProbation and Punishment Final Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Probation and Punishment Xavian Deniz Introduction to Criminal Justice Prof. Robert Hammes Law and order are two words that keep our society from collapsing on its self. We the American people have our freedom to do what ever we want; we can purse any career, go down to your favorite restaurant and order whatever you want. We have these freedoms because people fought for them many years ago, so that we wouldn’t be under rule or dictatorship. Many people take our freedom for grantedRead MoreThe Punishment Mechanisms Of Probation And Parole Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesThe punishment mechanisms of probation and parole developed from different social circumstances, which were driven by the need for alternative means to imprisonment. 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Within this essay, the focus will be to explain if the probation service is either soft or a hard option whilst covering three concepts to see whatRead MoreEssay about Crj 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment746 Words   |  3 PagesCRJ 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/crj-100-week-10-assignment-3-probation-and-punishment/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com ssignment 3: Probation and Punishment In preparation for this assignment, please complete all required readings and activities in Weeks 8 through 10 in Unit 3: Corrections.WRITE MINUMUM 4 SENTENCES FOR EACH PARAPGRAPH. PROVIDE ORGINAL WORK. WRITE THEM ON YOUR OWN WORDS. GONNA USE TURNITIN TO CHECKRead MoreDefinitions Of Probation And Probation Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesClassifications of Probation According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, at year end of 2012, more than 4.7 million adults were under some form of community probation in the United States (Bonczar and Maruschak, bjs.gov). With so many adults on probation, one could only ask how they all are supervised. With the criminal justice system already bursting at the seams with offenders, its main objective is to keep offenders out of this already exhausted system. Probation, also called intermediateRead MoreAccredited programme requirements were created from the Criminal Justice Act 2003 but in order to1300 Words   |  6 PagesJustice Act 2003 but in order to understand how this came to be it is significant that the history and political context of the probation service is understood. The Probation of Offenders Act was established in 1907 and under this act the release if offenders into the community under the control of probation officers were made official. The primary aim of the probation was made clear under this act which was to advise, assist and befriend and it continued that way until 1970’s. During this periodRead MoreThe Issue Of Criminal Law1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdetails and the reason that why we need to have some criminal law or laws and why there are so many different laws for different kind of criminals? Probation: Probation is chance to live in your own community by obeying some rules we will discuss what is the history of probation and what kind of importance does it have for society The job for probation and parole officers: It describes what kind of job do these officers have and what rules and responsibilities they have to follow. Criminal Law:Read MoreThe Incarceration Of The Correctional System1193 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many options a judge might choose as punishment or rehabilitation for an offender other than having the offender complete his or her whole sentence in jail or be sent to jail or prison all together. Some options the judge might decide to use are parole, probation, community correction, and many other forms of sentencing him or her might hand down to an offender. There is always a better solution to the current methods of parole process, probation system, and the community corrections optionsRead MoreThe Importance Of Probation And An Offender From Detention Based Upon Good Behavior1603 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The idea of probation refers to the release of an offender from detention based upon good behavior. Probation, itself, is the process in which offenders are monitored by officers in an attempt to correct their behavior and prevent further offenses. This process, however, is centered on the idea of changing cognitive processing toward crime, to implement operant conditioning and to manipulate social learning, all of this relating to a psychological lens. Using these separate techniques

Co-Cultures in a Multicultural Society Paper - 1314 Words

Co-Cultures in a Multicultural Society Paper The movie Fools Rush In is a great example of how gender as well as cultural differences can hinder communication in a multicultural society. Fools Rush In is about two people, Alex and Isabel, who come from two different cultural backgrounds who after a one night stand become pregnant and decide to get married. However, along with the marriage come compromises that include cultural traditions and personal sacrifices. The movie is a comedy but can also be viewed as romantic and shows how two people who love each other can resolve the issues of cultural and gender differences. Male and female differ in their use of communication because their reasons for communicating are different. Men†¦show more content†¦This is why during the meeting of Isabel’s family Alex is having a hard time understanding the Mexican American way of life and causes a stir during the family dinner by his mistakes. Common miscommunication among genders is misunderstandings, a woman may assume th e man is not listening and a man may think his words are being twisted and taken out of context. Modern men and women by contrast are under the illusion that they speak the same language, though the words they use may be the same their meanings for each sex may be different (Cameron, 2007). Specific examples of some of these miscommunications, the underlying message, a female expects for a man to read between the lines of her words and understand what she is trying to say without her telling him. During the scene where Isabel clearly wants Alex to admit he loves her and wants to make the marriage work, she throws out these signals and expects for Alex to know what she wants when he is clearly confused and thinks she doesn’t want to be with him by her actions. The movie Fools Rush In also highlights the different types of conflict that occur in a multicultural society. The movie showed the conflict of interest, value conflict and goal conflict that went on between Alex and Isa bel. The movie also touched on the different types of gender conflict that happen in a relationship between a man and a woman. The male style of communicating is more direct, personal and instrumental whereas the femaleShow MoreRelatedDiversity Issues in Career Counseling Essay755 Words   |  4 Pages Abstract This paper will give a brief overview of how bias, assumptions and diversity can impact the career counseling relationship. The impact of values, bias, and the ability to move beyond barriers in the counseling relationship is essential to successful outcomes in working with clients. 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Auditing Theory and Practice for Coca Cola Amatil - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAuditing Theory and Practice for Coca Cola Amatil. Answer: Introduction This study encompasses real case example of Coca Cola Amatil, which is one of the largest company in Australia and has been operating since 1904. With global presence, the company is the worlds largest bottlers as well as distributors of the Coca Cola beverage range, which is operated, especially in the Asia Pacific region. The company has been constantly improving and adapting to the changes in the international market conditions (Coca Cola Amatil, n.d.a). The company aims to deliver shareholders returns, sustainably along with the availability of various facilities in production, warehouse and wide product range (Coca Cola Amatil, n.d.b). The objective of this particular study is to illustrate the significance of audit planning for a large company such as Coca Cola. The detailed understanding of the real issues that may be faced by the company, while auditing is also covered in this assignment. Furthermore, the key risk factors inherent in nature were identified, so that the impacts of the audit on the company could be analyzed. Thus, with the help of this, appropriate audit objectives to avoid such risks were also indentified considering the auditing theories and practices of the company. In the later part of the study, the impacts of identified risks on the nature of audit evidence mix were examined in relation to the company. Moreover, the evidence mix consists of five key elements namely tests of control, tests of balances, tests of transactions, analytical procedures and understanding internal control. Identification of the Key Inherent Risk Factors Risk and Its Possible Impacts 1. What is the Risk? Considering Coca Cola Amatil (CCA), particularly auditing perspective was taken into consideration, wherein its key risks were identified, which could have an impact on the future audit proceedings such and all the activities related to it. As per the requirements, the potential misstatements that are evident while conducting the auditing procedures are done under the principles set up by the Australian Accounting Standards Boards (AASB) and ASX standards in compliance with Corporation Act 2001. It has been complying with the accounting, financing and auditing standards, thereby facilitating continuous disclosures under the ASX listing rules and regulations as well as Corporation Act 2001 (Coca Cola Amatil, 2016). As per the requirements, the company reviews its practices on a regular basis in order to enhance the overall performance. This involves the key governance policies such as corporate governance, charters, various codes and policies and constitution (Coca Cola Amatil, n.d.c, CCA, 2016c). The four critically inherent risks that are highlighted in the case of Coca Cola Amatil were interest risks, market risks, financial disclosure risks and operation and control risks. Apart from these risks, there were tax risks as well, such as increase in the rate of income tax or changes in tax laws would have adverse effects on its financial results. Although, it is believed that the estimates of the company were reasonable however, tax audits have been undertaken frequently to avoid any kind of misrepresentation in the reports as per the Audit Committee (SEC, 2015). Therefore, to mitigate these risks, it ensured to maintain tax transparency in the field of auditing, financing and accounting disclosures in its financial reports (CCA, 2016b). 2. Why is it a Risk? The principle accounting policies and estimates that Coca Cola Amatil followed was principles of consolidation, recoverability of current and noncurrent assets, income tax, pension plan valuation and revenue recognition. Wherein, the company made its disclosures with the support of its Audit committee. The assumptions/estimates were made based on the critical analysis of the current as well as future events and actions. The company also uses financial instruments, which are derivative in nature to reduce the effects of exchange rates of foreign currency, commodity prices, interest rates and other market risks (SEC, 2015). In order to mitigate the impacts and manage the risks that may be faced by the company, a risk management policy passed in the year 2011 that would significantly help in overcoming the same. Its key objective was to manage and forecast the risks. This policy was made in compliance with the Principle 7 under the ASX standards relating to the corporate governance and best practices. This in turn, shall increase trust among the public and attract more shareholders. The company further utilized integrated risk analysis technique to evaluate the risks, thereby increasing its opportunities, which would enable it to competitive advantage. Correspondingly, Audit and risk committee was formed, which ensured that there were no flaws in the financial reporting, thereby ensuring transparency, integrity and balance of disclosures and relevant information. This committee also assured internal control to maintain the effectiveness of the company and conducted internal and external auditing, so that it can satisfy internal auditors and facilitate the process of independent auditing. In addition, external auditors performance was also aimed to assess the risks by complying with the auditing standards (CCA, 2017). In response to the inherent risks of tax and policy changes along with the other involved risks, the company had a committee charter to address the auditing and financial risks. This charter was responsible for reviewing the financial statements issued, which also focuses on making the required recommendations. It has been successfully covering all the risks with the assistance of various policies regarding business planning, business conduct, disclosures, environment, asset protection, fraud plan, occupational safety, purchasing, treasury, water and whistle blower protection (CCA, 2011). Thus, it can be opined that it has been systematically handling financial and disclosure risks. 3. Appropriate Audit Objectives Additionally, the company also had the intension to eradicate the operational and control risks that might exist. There were risks related to treasury that was faced by the company, which included borrowing and currency aspects. Another prominent risk was related to sustainability and economic conditions along with various situations that aroused in the global market. In addition, it also involved risks related to material business. The primary business risks included macro-economic factors, geopolitical risks, occupational safety/health issues and regulatory changes. Hence, to have an equal share in the risks and reducing its impact has been collaborating with partners. Especially in the context of Australia, the company was facing the issue of decline in the overall earnings with respect to Sparkling Soft Drink category as well as in Indonesia and New Zealand. This ultimately resulted from the wellness and health concerns of the customers, wherein the public were becoming more heal th conscious and avoided the consumption of artificial ingredients and sugar. This resulted in shifting their tastes and preferences to low calorie products especially in the developed countries (CCA, 2016a). Therefore, with respect this case, there has been the risk of market changes in which the existing and potential customers changed their preferences, thus posing threat to the company. To tackle all these situations and emerging competition in the global market, the company aimed to be more cost-competitive. To mitigate the business risks, the company had effectively implemented the OHS framework keeping into consideration the nature of activities that took place in the company, in order to overcome accidents that might occur. Thus, with the help of regular reviewing, the management processes and policies are focused on addressing these issues. Furthermore, external auditing was also done for covering other risks such as utility disruptions and natural disasters (CCA, 2016a). Thus, there may be certain appropriate audit objectives for future considerations, as there is a possibility of increase in its leverage due to the result of pressures that was faced by the company from its wholesale customers. The company must maintain its policies according to the requirements of the shareholders, so that they can be easily attracted in the larger numbers, as compared to its current numbers. There is also a possibility that the company can have structural changes. The position of CCA has also been less secured in case of carbonate beverages as per the Australian market, which was mostly due to the changes in the preferences of the consumers of beverages as well as the increase of the bargaining power of the wholesalers. These were acting as a risk for the company which resulted in lower earnings and growth. Thus, it was noted that the financial results for the year 2017 was weak as per the rating that was provided. Therefore, the company must focus on putting more effort on its rating methodologies while auditing along with increasing the verifiability of its accounting and financial disclosures in the annual reports and other relevant documents (Staff, 2017). Understanding the Audit Evidence Mix The Audit evidence mix is a technique that is used to get the audit evidence extracted from the integration of substantial procedures and tests of control, which are intended to be obtained by the auditors to select the audit options. The test of control includes tests that are performed in order to obtain the audit evidences. Consecutively, the substantial procedures included test that were performed to detect the misstatements in the material information of the company. This was designed for suitable and effective operations of the internal control and accounting systems. These included tests of details of balances and transactions along with the analytical procedures of the financial statements. Therefore, companies must have pre-determined procedures to obtain the required Audit evidences. The basic procedure to be followed was conducting inspections, then after the results must be observed. Furthermore, inquiry must be done with confirmation, which is then followed by analytical procedures that must be carried along with computation (Accounting Financial Tax, 2009). The inspection must be done basically regarding the tangible assets of the firm along with its previous records and documents. The observation must be done by the auditor and inquiry must be carried forth to gather information regarding all the aspects of the audit evidence. After all these processes, confirmation must be presented as a written response form a third party after verification. In addition, computation involves authenticity and accuracy of the information collected through recalculation and re-performance. Subsequently, the analytical procedures include comparing financial information with the generated information, other anticipated results such as budgets in an industrial basis. Furthermore, the relationship between the non-financial and financial information is examined. All these information generated are critically analyzed to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence mix. Considering these necessities, it must be complying with the international standards f or auditing. This ensured proper compliance of material aspects with the requirements of essential procedures and basic principles under the International Standard on Auditing 500 Audit Evidence (Accounting Financial Tax, 2009, HKICPA, 2017). With particular reference of the risks that were apparent in the company, Coca Cola Amatil, the impact of individual risks on the evident mix was examined. Various risks were already mitigated with the help of the risk framework used by the company. Additionally, the management department and moreover financial audit was done internally as well as externally, which was one of the important phases of its accounting and financial reporting. The material risks such as exchange rates, price changes and similar issues can be mitigated with the support of appropriate evidence mix, which will enable the engagement of financial audit, thereby generating evidences for audit collection. Thus, this will eliminate any chances of misstatements and helps in managing the material business risks (CCA 2016). With proper audit evidence mix usage, the current risk it was facing can be mitigated, as the company will ensure proper representation of the facts and figures. This in turn shall reduce the pos sibility of any risks because the company shall built trust among the investors and shareholders with no red flags or misstatements in the accounting and financing reports regarding disclosures as per AASB and ASX standards. Furthermore, conducting proper tests and using assertions while obtaining the audit evidence during the audit procedures must be systematically and critically facilitated to reduce the possibility of any risks (AUASB, 2013). Therefore, for the purpose of monitoring such risks, the companies require to establish a risk assessment report as per Corporations Act 2001, which assists in effectively manage the possible financial risks through insurance, contracts or currency swaps (Austlii, n.d.a, Austlii, n.d.b). Conclusion In an overall basis, conclusions can be drawn that considering all the risks, the key inherent risks factors affected the performance of Coca Cola Amatil and accordingly shall have an impact on its future audit and its planning. However, understanding the concept of Audit evidence mix, the effect of the risks that the company was facing especially was the change of tastes and preferences of the customers, which require to be mitigated. This was the greatest concern for the company therefore, with initially improving the product lines according to the demands. This will thereafter, accordingly plan out the changes in the audit evidence mix. Furthermore, by forecasting the requirements during the procurement of raw material procurement and manufacturing helps in maintaining the quality of information and disclosure. References Accounting Financial Tax, 2009, Audit evidence, Home, viewed 22 September 2017, https://accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/10/audit-evidence/. AUASB 2013, Auditing standard ASA 500 audit evidence, Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, pp. 1-20. Austlii, n.d.a, Corporations Act 2001 - SECT 763C when a person manages financial risk, Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, viewed 22 September 2017, https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s763c.html. Austlii, n.d.b, Corporations Act 2001 - Sect 892K Risk assessment report, Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, viewed 22 September 2017, https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s892k.html. CCA, 2011, CCA risk management policy, Group Risk, Fraud and Security, pp. 1-4. CCA, 2015, Corporate Governance Statement 2015, Coca Cola Amatil, pp. 1-9. CCA, 2016a, Annual Report 2016, Coca Cola Amatil, pp. 1-133. CCA, 2016b, 2016 tax transparency report, Coca Cola Amatil, pp. 1-10. CCA, 2016c, Corporate Governance Statement 2016, Corporate Governance at Amatil, pp. 1-12. CCA, 2017, Audit and finance committee charter, Coca Cola Amatil, pp. 1-5. Coca Cola Amatil 2016, 2016 Half Year Report (Including Appendix 4d), Coca-Cola Amatil Limited, pp. 1-31. Coca Cola Amatil, n.d.a, Our history, Our Company, viewed 22 September 2017, https://www.ccamatil.com/our-company/our-history . Coca Cola Amatil, n.d.b, Our company, Coca Cola Amatil, viewed 22 September 2017, https://www.ccamatil.com/en/our-company. Coca Cola Amatil, n.d.c, Corporate Governance, Our Company, viewed 22 September 2017, https://www.ccamatil.com/en/our-company/corporate-governance. HKICPA, 2017, Statement of auditing standards 500 audit evidence, Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants, pp. 1-13. SEC, 2015, Annual report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the securities exchange act of 1934, United States Securities and Exchange Commission, viewed 23 September 2017https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/21344/000002134416000050/a2015123110-k.htm#s9D6DEE6912FD82A81B62CEF8CD2DB5CD. Staff, R, 2017, Fitch: Coca-Cola Amatil's leverage to rise; weaker Australia earnings, Reuters, viewed 22 September 2017, https://in.reuters.com/article/india-sensex-nifty-stocks/sensex-nifty-end-lower-banks-fall-idINKCN1BX0NQ.

King or Queen of the World Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency Essay Example

King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency Essay Today many young people are subjected to changing conventional patterns that guide their relationships and evolution between family, school and work. The known social stratum that guarantees a smooth process of socialization is slowly breaking down. Unlike before, the paths chosen by teenagers are getting to be more diverse and unpredictable.   The reorganization of the labor market, the extension of the age of dependence of the young adults in the family and the limited opportunity given to them to be independent adults influence the relationships of these young adults with their family and friends (World Youth Report, 2003).  Ã‚  Ã‚   The crisis of juvenile delinquency is rapidly becoming more complex and widespread and crime prevention programs are either unfit to deal with the present situation or otherwise nonexistent. This is a global problem, faced not only by the developed countries but developing countries as well, everyone is faced with the same problems as our youth fa ces new pressures in their transition from childhood to adulthood is subjected to a variety of stresses. A rapidly growing population, poverty, negative housing and support services, unemployment and underemployment, a decline in the authority of local communities and overcrowding in poor urban areas, the dissolution of the family and ineffective educational systems are some of the stresses young people must deal with. Our young adults nowadays are subjected to individual risks regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, culture and nationality but are also given new opportunities, both beneficial and harmful(World Youth Report, 2003). Our youth presented with the benefit of illegal opportunities are often times lured into committing various offences, get into illegal drugs and become violent against their peers. Young people who live in difficult situations are at greater risk of becoming delinquents (United Nations Report, 2000).   Children who are orphaned or unaccompanied and without any means for subsistence including housing and other basic necessities are the ones that often fall into juvenile delinquency (World Youth Report, 2003).   According to United Nations report (2000) the number of children in difficult situations has risen from 80 Million to 150 Million in a span of 8 years (1992-2000). We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on King or Queen of the World: Disentangling Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Causes of Juvenile Delinquency One may note that the offenses done by juvenile delinquents are generally dependent by socio-economic, cultural and ethnic strata in a given area. One may realize that the juvenile offenders are often found to have encountered violent behaviors during their childhood either witnesses or victims to such violence (United Nations, 1995). The world youth report (2003) notes that the causative factors and conditions that lead to juvenile crimes are often located at every stage of the social framework, the society as a whole included, social institutions, groups and organizations, and interpersonal relationships.   One may realize that the choice of ‘careers’ by these juvenile offenders can be derived from a wide range of factors the most significant of which is described as follows: Socioeconomic Cause Mostly secondary to socio-economic instabilities that leads to economic crises, political instability and waning of major social institutions including public education system, public assistance and the family. Socio-economic instability is often linked with unemployment and low income families, increasing the likelihood of involvement in criminal activities of the youth (World Youth Report, 2003). Cultural and Ethnic Causes World Youth Report, (2003) states that delinquent behavior often occurs in social settings where there is a breakdown in the behavior of acceptable norms, under normal circumstances normal behavior dictates that social rules and guidelines deter an individual from committing unacceptable behaviors, in the settings wherein the normal guidelines lose their relevance, the youth often respond by engaging in unacceptable behaviors that often lead to abnormal and often criminal activities. Urbanization Causes An analysis of geography suggest that in places where there are more urbanized and have higher population the likelihood for criminal acts is higher compared to a more rural setting.   This may be due to social control differentiation and social understanding. Rural communities often rely on family and community power over the youth. More often the urbanized areas deal mostly with a more formal approach in legal and judicial actions and an impersonal approach that seems correlated with the high crime rates developed within the more urban community (World Youth Report, 2003). Family Research will show that children who are subjected to sufficient parental supervision are less probable to engage in criminal activities. Children who are members of a dysfunctional family, characterized by conflict, inadequate parental control, feeble parental control, premature freedom are usually the children that grow up to be delinquents (World Youth Report, 2003). It may also be noted that although children who are members of disadvantaged families who have less opportunities for proper employment and thereby faced with a higher risk of social omission are usually representative of the juvenile offenders. Exclusion and Peer Influence The ever increasing gap between the rich and the poor has led to the emergence of the ‘others group’ or simply put, the exclusion of some individuals or group of individuals within the acceptable social strata within the community.   This exclusion often leads to the rupture of social ties, identity crises and collection of obstacles that does not permit the individual to grow beyond the label (World Youth Report, 2003). One may realize that this is an important social structure, when the ’others’ are subjected often to ridicule or malice by the socially accepted peers it often leads to antagonistic behavior that often leads the youth to exert effort for acceptance or join a group of ‘others’ that are often delinquent, this ‘gang’ becomes their main social organization where the young adult feels most secure and welcome and thereby most do anything in order to stay within that group, including social unacceptable behaviors and cr iminal acts (World Youth Report, 2003). Media Television and movies even news reports that sensationalize and popularize criminal acts like the ‘cult of heroes’- a depiction of justice by physical abolition of bad elements. Researchers have supported that young adults who watch violent themed shows often behave more aggressively, especially when provoked. Media may bring violence to the young minds in three ways. One, showing of movies that depict violence acts and that electrify its audience. Second, shows that show violence especially by parents as an ordinary daily activity. Third, violence shown by media over sensationalizes the hero leaving less bleeding wounds and real pain that can actually be felt in real violence are not shown.   The American Psychological Association depicts evidence that show television violence is to be blamed for 10 percent of aggressive behavior in children. Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Violence against children maybe noted as a factor that endangers the rights of the child.   It is imperative that the government and relevant institutions commit themselves into solving the problem of juvenile delinquency. The Riyadh Guidelines released by the United Nations clearly states that the prevention of juvenile delinquency is an important aspect in clearing overall criminal activities (United Nations, nd).  Ã‚   It was noted that early intervention is the approach of choice if an effective delinquency program is to be implemented.   Educational programs to help the youth and find alternative activities rather than illegal behavior (Johnson, 1995) recreational activities and youth development programs are essential to give the youth the chance to grow and be responsible adults (United Nations, nd).     Also, the local community should be given responsibility in preventing juvenile crimes. Programs should be developed in order to help the youth avoid delinquency and it is imperative that the community and the local government support these efforts (Gang 2000, 1993).   The family as a social institution is also the first line of defense for these juvenile offenders, one must note that support for family should be an imperative project of the government and if the juvenile can be controlled from within the family the chances of him/her going out to do crimes is lesser than if the family fails to control them. On the whole efforts to fight juvenile delinquency maybe surmised as lacking in effort secondary to lack of task oriented social work that leads to a disorganized course in taking care of the juvenile offenders including their victims (United Nations Report, 2000). Conclusion Juvenile delinquency can be surmised as a multifaceted array of violations of the legal, social and ethical norms, either minor or major offense that is committed by the young. One might surmise that these offenses comes from a variety of factors that are far more serious than simple petty offenses. Poverty, lack of opportunities, social exclusion and a range of factors that contribute to a young adult becoming delinquent.   It is important to note that these factors are important if determining a permanent solution to the problem is to be addressed. Priority should be given to the marginalized communities. Educate them, give them proper support, including housing, employment and social support so that the family may be able to take care of their young and prevent them from being delinquents. And lastly the juvenile justice system should be decentralized   and thereby encourage the local authority, who might have a more proximal connection to the juvenile, to participate more in preventing the juveniles from committing a variety of offenses and reintegrate the known offenders into the society giving them adequate social, moral, and physical support that will ultimately foster this kids to become responsible citizens.

Human Resource Management Proposal

Best Fit Best Practice Factor in HRM strategy Human resource management strategies are the plans that organizations put in place to help in managing people, organizational structure, development and training. The plans help in ascertaining how people’s skill fit into an organization’s mission, vision and objectives.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The HRM of an organization is focused on recruiting and retaining the best talent there is to ensure the organization achieves its goals as defined by the overall business strategy (Purcell, 2008, p.45). Perhaps one of the most critical elements in HRM is the â€Å"best fit† and â€Å"best practice† factor. This factor is used to capture the important relationship that there is between HRM strategy and overall corporate strategy. Through the â€Å"best fit† and â€Å"best practice† approach, HRM strategy on recruitment and selection, reward and recognition, learning, training and development will be geared towards achieving overall corporate objectives. The paper will focus on the different views and debates that analyze the workings of the best-fit best practices strategy in HRM management. Different debates and viewpoints exist on the adoption and effectiveness of the â€Å"best fit† and â€Å"best practice† approach in HRM strategy management (Marchington, M et al, 2002, p. 67). The argument is that firms are likely to experience an improvement in performance if best HRM management practices are implemented. The most likely method to achieve the above is to identify a practice that best suits an organization. Its importance is then highlighted by HR department who in turn will sell it to the employees while seeking high-level commitment. Once adopted, the effectiveness will measured and the HR may reward the champions of the p ractice. The main advantage of best practice approach is that they are mostly straight forward (Armstrong, 2006, p. 109). There are established rules governing HR functions and little polishing is needed. It simply follows tradition. The main disadvantage however is that HR may experience difficulties when if need arises to go beyond the straightforward practices. As far as uniformity is concerned, â€Å"best practice† exhibits great diversity. There is always a danger of the practice becoming an end it itself effectively putting company goals and interest at stake.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The characteristics of the best practice model can be summed as flexibility in working in teams, two-way information regarding communication, recruitment, fair appraisal and reward, all-inclusive decision making and emphasis is in individual learning and development. Pr oponents of the best-fit model argue that the strategy is more effective when in matched with the business environment where it’s applied. The approach entails two elements; external fit and internal elements element. The external fit deals with the operations and marketing strategy. The two strategies highlight linking of the competitive strategy to the overall business (Shields, 2007, p. 123). In other words the competitive strategy is linked with the HR [practices and employee behaviors. The only demerit associated with this external fit element is the possibility of overlooking the interest of the employees Internal fit on the other hand focuses on coherency of HR policies and practices. Proportionality of the practices to the organization is important in every development stage. Best-fit practices emphasizes on consistency on practices, employees and time. Literature review According to Armstrong (2006, p. 139), best fit practices ensure HR strategies suit different circ umstances of an organization. Additionally they ensure the above is in tandem with the culture, processes of operation and the external environment of the organization. On the other hand best practice approach is based on the speculation of the existence of an exact set of human resources that are applicable in any context of an organization for performance improvement and delivery on the set objectives (Shields 2007, p. 89). According to (Armstrong Baron, 2002, p. 23), best practice over relies on the existence of a set of HRM practices that will be applied to an organization to increase performance. Many scholars are however of the opinion that best fit approach is better able to help an organization deliver on it objectives compared to best practice approach. Its therefpo0re better suited to go along with the guest model of HRM management where recruitment and hiring is focused on retaining employees that can cope up with the organization’s dynamics.Advertising We wi ll write a custom assessment sample on Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. New York: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M Baron, A. (2002).Strategic HRM: The key to improved business performance. London: Developing Practice. Marchington, M et al. (2002). People Management and Development: Human Resource Management at Work. London: Chattered Institute of Personnel and Development Publishing. Purcell, J. (2008). People Management and Performance. New York: Routledge. Shields, J. (2007). Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This assessment on Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Sasha Carroll to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Great Gatsby Essay Example

The Great Gatsby Essay Example The Great Gatsby Essay The Great Gatsby Essay Essay Topic: The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby Is the story of Jay Gatsby narrated by Nick Caraway, the neighbor. The story shows deferent themes throughout the movie Like greed, power betrayal and Justice. It also shows a vivid peek of the American life In the sass. The lives of the characters revolve around the mysterious Gatsby which give the story an unexpected outcome. The only thing known at the beginner of the film about the mysterious Gatsby was that he had an extraordinary gift for hope. The hope being related to love, Just like a lot of other films it was intriguing to see how it involved the rest of the characters. Gatsby believed that if he was able to obtain what he wanted so badly, he would live happily ever after. Having the power would help him achieve such thing, with the surprisingly help of guy named Nick Caraway. He happened to be Gatsby neighbor and just like many people in the city of New York he was curious to see the great and famous Gatsby. Nick had moved to New York City to learn the bond business. Honest, reserve and willing to listen to whoever needed It. Having his house next to the enormous mansion of Gatsby made him wonder, what he was like, what he did and why so much extravagant parties. Surprisingly he received an Invitation to a Gatsby party where their friendship started and he happened to be the best helper to keep that gift of hope in order to reach his goal. The goal had a name Daisy Buchanan who was Nicks cousin. The work contains innumerous references to the fast-paced immoral lifestyles that the population were leading during the period the novel was set, the roaring 20s. The book also shows us a view on the American Society of the time. It shows us the failure of the American dream. The idea that American political idealisms strove to allow equality between everyone is crushed, the truth was actually a lot different. Social and ethnic discrimination was widespread and divisions between the classes were evident. Fitzgerald comments on the morality of the period in the characters within the story. He shows us characters from both sides of the social divide. In Myrtle, he portrays a woman, trapped in the valley of the ashes (Pg 29), which is socially nowhere. Although she is married to George, a hard-working man who desperately wants to be closer to his wife, she completely forgets her moral obligation to her him and enters into an affair with Tom Buchanan, in an attempt to break free from her social class. In this futile attempt to better herself socially, she only ends up becoming vulgar and corrupt, inheriting the immoral traits of Tom. As a result, she starts to shun members of her own society and belittles them, in doing so she loses all sense of self-respect. This is evident at the party in chapter two. The living room was crowded to the doors with a set of tapestried furniture entirely too large for it, so that to move about was to stumble continually over scenes of ladies swinging in the garden of Versailles. (Pg 35) Here we are shown that although Myrtles apartment is clearly small her choice of furniture to occupy it is opulent and clearly over done. At the party Myrtle changes her attire, and as a result her character changes, with the influence of the dress, her personality had also undergone a change. (Pg 36) When Mrs. McKee compliments her on the dress, her response is disdainful and belittling. She says Its just a crazy old thing (Pg 37), I just slip it on when I dont care what I look like (Pg 37),. Here we can see how Myrtle is offhanded with Mrs. McKee. Myrtle also makes clear her greed when she announces a fanciful shopping list, she is apparently incapable of having real feelings of her own, so she relies on things to express emotion. It is clear that Myrtles attempts to climb the social ladder and become a member of the Buchanans class will never be accepted, they will evidently will never let her in, but she is too blinkered by her ambitions to live a glamorous glitzy lifestyle to realise. Another reflection on the immoralities of the period is how Gatsby makes his money. We discover that, through his dealings with Dan Cody, he has made his fortune by illegal sale of alcohol. As Gatsbys wealth grew he moved to New York. His house is located in West Egg. The house is described as a rather artificial place, it was a factual imitation of some Hotel De Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool Pg 11. Here we see how wealth is used to provide an artificial fai ade to Gatsbys life.

The Market Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Market Today - Essay Example Shopping today is characterised by binge shopping where marketers entice the modern consumer to shop their products in frenzy (Brown, 1993). As such, the current market is characterised by increased urge to consume not to satisfy a need by but for pleasure and in seeking identity as a postmodern consumer. Some of the characterized changes that have occurred in the market over the time could be grouped into modernism, critical and postmodernism eras, which have put different demands on than e-marketing function, as a response to evolving marketing needs and business operating environments. This paper outlines the three eras with the various changes that reshaped the marketing function and the respective environmental demands from the market that precipitated such changes. Critical thinking represented a significant step in business operations where scholars and researchers studied the contemporary organisation in finer details to understand how productivity could be improved. Winslow Fredrick Taylor, a management consultant, mainly concerned with the ways in which the output of any firm would be enhanced significantly, first developed the theory (Simmons, 2008). The central idea behind Taylors theory was to increase efficiency in the production functions within organisations. As Sedtke (2009) further explains, the theory demanded that work be divided into smaller movements that were highly regularised, resulting in a disciplined approach to functions at work. The result was breaking jobs into smaller sections leading to the separation of workers from each other and specialization of tasks (Tsukamoto, 2007).  

Proficiency tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proficiency tests - Essay Example The test consists of 4 sections: reading (36-70 questions), listening (34-51 questions), speaking (6 tasks), and writing (2 tasks). TOEIC is a test designed to measure English language skills for business. There are two types of TOEIC tests: Speaking and Wring Test, Listening and Reading Test. Employers from all over the world use TOEIC tests to evaluate the proficiency of a potential employee to communicate in English. Listening and Reading test consists of 2 sections, and students are given 2,5 hours to complete it. Speaking tests consists of 11 questions to be answered in 20 minutes. Writing test has 8 tasks to be completed in an hour. IELTS is the International English Language Testing System. The test is to measure person’s reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. The test has an Academic version for those who take it for studying purposes, and a General Training version, which evaluates the person’s ability to live and work in an English-speaking environment. In general the test is designed to be taken for studying, immigration, and employment. At first a test taker has to take reading (1 hour) and writing (1 hour) tests. Then is the turn of the listening (30 min) and speaking (11-14 min)

Most serious hindrance to international cooperation regarding human Essay

Most serious hindrance to international cooperation regarding human development, climate change, and resource depletion - Essay Example At one end China is becoming the manufacturing hub of world’s big industries and at the other end, the role of China regarding climate change has become more important on international screen. In fact the process of internationalization and globalization has made the international cooperation through suitable channels a necessity for the economies. However, international cooperation which deals with the development in different fields of life has itself become a global issue. There are various concerns and problems which hinder the progress of international cooperation especially regarding human development, climate change and resource depletion. Much has been achieved through international cooperation however, many economies remain off track. It is very significant to learn the factors which have been contributing to hinder the progress of international cooperation especially in the area of human development, climate change and resource depletion. The world economy is a build ing block of various social classes which differ based on their income levels, races, religions etc. To reduce the conflicts and to ensure the sovereignty of every nation, the nation-state system has been introduced however; the increasing globalization is contributing to the unification of world. The major reason which is generally considered to be the major source of hindrance in international cooperation is the self-interest of every nation. When these interests conflict, the issues of inequalities and sovereignty become dominant. The developing countries in the pursuit of expanding their economic activities give very low priority to climate change and environment conservation. Therefore, the approaches which are being used by developed states cannot be used in the developing states and the collaboration gap expands. Dvorsky (2010) has identified the five reasons because of which the Copenhagen Climate Conference failed. He has identified that nation states do not like to be told what to do. Therefore, the economies who consider â€Å"maintaining trade balance† as their top priority and â€Å"climate change† as their last priority cannot change their priorities after an international conference on climate change. The cultural conflicts between the developed and developing states largely hinders the international cooperation especially regarding human development. Japan is actively involved in international cooperation regarding human development through technical cooperation and educational cooperation. From Japan’s perspective international cooperation in education is important because education shapes the foundation of an individual and at large foundation of a nation thereby, contributes to economic and social development. On the other hand, Kenya society identifies the various differences between modern education introduced by colonial government and traditional education formed by tribal societies. These differences are related to objectives, methods, contents and attitudes between two educational systems. The government of Kenya took this matter very seriously as it was increasing cultural conflict in the society. Like Kenya, the other countries which have been forced to adapt the modern education system have faced such cultural conflicts

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass in Ammonia

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass in Ammonia Six samples of brass were taken, stamped to induce residual stress, were then exposed ammonia and ammoniacal copper sulphate solutions of different concentrations and composition for a period of 4 days to study the corrosion characteristics of brass in ammonia. Five samples were immersed in the solution and one of the samples was suspended above solution. On visual examination of the samples revealed some corrosion products with stress corrosion cracking on the surface of brass. Microscopy analysis showed that the non-suspended sample which was exposed to ammonia vapour in presence of moisture and oxygen produced high susceptibility to SCC than immersion samples in aqueous ammonia. The cupric ion present in the solution appears as an oxidant that provides a cathodic reaction and induces stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia and ammoniacal solutions. INTRODUCTION: There are three factors under which stress corrosion cracking is possible a) corrosive medium/environment b) material and c) tensile stress. The corrosive medium to induce stress corrosion cracking depends on the potential, pH and temperature. The stress can be applied stress or residual stress. Stress corrosion cracking can occur in lower stress also hence it is the environment which plays a major role. Many studies carried out revealed that failures of brass occur mainly in moist conditions where ammonia, water and oxygen are present. Time of cracking depends on the pH of the solution. Dezincification of copper alloy is possible when the zinc content present is sufficient enough. The aim of this experimental work was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of brass in ammonia. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Six brass samples and five test solutions were used in the experiment to study the stress-corrosion cracking of brass. The brass samples were labelled A, B, C, D, E, and F following the residual stress given to them by stamping these letters into their surfaces using drill bits. The stamp was done at one end of the samples while the unstressed part served as the control for the experiment. The solutions serving as the test environments were also labelled using the letters 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F and their compositions are shown below. Compositions and colours of test solution observed before immersion Solution Label Composition Colour observed before sample immersion A Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 Pale blue B Ammonia solution with copper (II): 2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 Dark blue C Mattsons solution at pH of 7.2 Medium blue D Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by volume of 0.1M NaCl Medium blue E 1M Ammonia solution Colourless The labelled samples were placed in the glass jar provided and five of the test samples were filled with enough test solution (10mm) to ensure complete immersion of the sample. Excessive alteration of the concentration of the NH3 solution was avoided by covering the top of the containers. The sixth sample was suspended above solution E (1M NH3 solution) in a glass jar (4F) by means of a surgical nylon string. After sufficient exposure of the samples to the solutions for a period of four days, the samples were removed. The samples were visually examined first upon removal from the test solutions. The colours of the test solutions and corrosion products were recorded before the test samples were cleaned. The test samples were cleaned and rinsed in the pickling solution of 1M sulphuric acid solution in order to remove corrosion products formed on the surface of brass followed by rinsing with deionised water. Finally the samples were dried with tissues before being examined under an optical microscope for stress-corrosion cracking. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Sample observation after exposure of 4 days to test solutions: Test Label Test Observation from visual examination and optical microscopy Reason 1 Brass sample immersed in solution A Solution remained pale blue. No cracks were seen.corrrosion products found. Localized Corrosion damage at the stressed area observed back of the sample Stress-corrosion cracking may occur with further exposure to the solution. 2 Brass sample immersed in solution B for 4 days Solution was darker compared to the original solution. Brass sample in tarnish condition (dark brown colouration). Crack at the stressed end. Stress-corrosion cracking of the sample. 3 Brass sample immersed in solution C No significant change in solution colour. No cracks were seen.corrrosion products found. Sample shows low possibilities to SCC 4 Brass sample immersed in solution D Dark brown corrosion products. Localized corrosion damage at the stressed end. No cracks seen. Stress-corrosion cracking may occur with further exposure to the solution. 5 Brass sample immersed in solution E Solution changed from colourless to light pale blue. Cracks seen. Colour change is likely due to formation of cupric ion, Cu2+. Stress-corrosion cracking at the stressed end. 6 Brass sample suspended above solution E Solution remained colourless. Tarnish film covering almost the entire surface. Cracks seen at stressed region Stress-corrosion cracking of the sample at the stressed end. Tarnish film likely to be cuprous oxide, Cu2O. Sample A:- A-1 A-2 Fig 1: Sample A immersed for 4 days in solution Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 OBSERVATION: No stress corrosion cracking observed at the stressed end of the sample Fig A-1.some corrosion product was noticed on the back side of the sample Fig A-2. Sample B:- B-1 B-2 Fig 2: Sample B immersed for 4 days in solution Ammonia solution with copper (II): 2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end and near the unstressed region just near to the stressed end Fig B-1.Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig B-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular Sample C:- C-1 C-2 Fig 3: Sample C immersed for 4 days in Mattsons solution at pH of 7.2 OBSERVATION: No cracking or any other significant changes observed in this sample after even 4 days of exposure. Only dark corrosion products were observed on the sample. Sample D:- D-1 Fig 4: Sample D immersed for 4 days in Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by volume of 0.1M NaCl OBSERVATION: No cracking or any other significant changes observed in this sample after even 4 days of exposure. Only dark corrosion products were observed on the sample. Sample E:- Fig: E-1 Fig: E-2 Fig 5: Sample D immersed for 4 days in 1M ammonia solution. OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end extending to the edges and Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig E-1 and E-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular Sample F:- Fig: F-1 Fig: F-2 Fig 5: Sample D suspended above in 1M ammonia solution for 4 days. OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end extending to the edges and Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig F-1 and F-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular. From Optical microscopy analysis it is evident that sample B (Fig 2 B1B2) immersed in a test solution containing Ammonia solution with copper (II):2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 , Sample E (Fig5-E1E2) suspended above the test solution of 1M Ammonia solution and Sample F (Fig6 F1F2) suspended above the test solution of 1M Ammonia solution had under gone stress corrosion cracking and shows that only in some particular environment SCC occurs. Apart from stress corrosion cracking dark tarnish corrosion product was observed which could possibly be oxide layer of copper. Rest of the three samples A (Fig1 A1 A2) immersed in a test solution containing Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 , C (Fig 3 C1C2) immersed in a test solution of Mattssons solution at pH 7.2 and D (Fig 4 D) immersed in a test solution of Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by Volume of 0.1M NaCl did not show any cracking but had tarnish corrosion product. These samples suffered localized corrosion at the stressed edges which can be seen in back side of the above 3 samples (Fig A2 C2). The electrochemical reactions of brass in ammonia environment are as follows: Copper free aqueous ammonia is oxygen reduction and primary oxidation reaction is oxidation of copper to form cuprous complex ions. Cu + 2NH3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Cu (NH3)2+ + e- The cuprous complex ions formed further reacts with oxygen forming cupric complex ions 2Cu (NH3)2+ + 1/2 O2 + H2O + 4NH3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2Cu (NH3)42+ + 2OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Cuprous complex ion cupric complex ion The formation of cupric complex ions leads to stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia solutions. The process does not proceeds indefinitely since the attack of cupric complex ion (oxide layer) occurs at critical copper ion content which leads to decrease in corrosion rate but the cracking continues with the copper ion concentration. It is also evident from the black dark coloured product formed (Tarnish colour) on the surface that the cracks are intergranular in nature.The pores on the surface of the corrosion product were the sites for localized attack, likely to survive at the grain boundaries. In general the stress corrosion cracking in ÃŽÂ ± brass has considered being intergranular. On absence of the black coloured corrosion product it is believed that the cracks to be transgranular nature of crack. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the discussion carried out above that brass is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in ammonia. Stress corrosion cracking was observed in the regions where residual stresses were generated leaving behind the rest of the areas which were not induced to stress. Formation of cupric complex ions leads to stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia solutions. The cracks formed on the brass surface can be further studied under SEM to provide detailed information on the nature of the crack formed. In order to overcome the above problem of stress corrosion cracking the following options can be opted Eliminating any one of the primary factor (Environment, material and stress) will mitigate stress corrosion cracking. Use of more cracking resistance alloys such as Cu-10Ni instead of Cu-Zn

Interest Groups Essay

Are interest groups useful or harmful? Interest groups, also referred to as: special interests, pressure groups, organized interests, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), political groups, lobby groups and public interest groups, are organized collections of people or organizations whose goal is to influence public policy (511). ‘Interest groups’ is a term that encompasses a variety of organized groups including public interest groups, business and economic groups, governmental unites, and political action committees(512). Through lobbying, interest groups prove useful in increasing public awareness about important issues, helping to frame the public agenda, and monitor programs to guarantee effective implementation. Interest groups exist for nearly every type of person who is willing to work together with others who share their goals. Interest groups that define themselves as ‘public interest groups’ seek a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit th e membership or activists of the organization(512). Today we see examples of this in civil liberties groups, environmental groups, and groups that speak for those who cannot (children, the mentally ill, or animals (512). ‘Economic interest groups’ have the goal of promoting the economic interest of their members, for example, trade and professional groups (513). ‘Governmental units’ are the state and local governments that lobby the federal government to make decisions in their favor. Mostly, these state and local governments are lobbying to attain ‘earmarks’ or funding from the federal budget that an appropriations bill designates for specific projects within a state or congressional district (513). In 1974, after amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act, it became legal for these interest groups to form political action committees (PACs), or officially registered fund raising organization that represents interest groups in the politica l process. Unlike interest groups, PACs do not have formal members; they simply have contributors who seek to influence public policy by electing legislators sympathetic to their aims. By having so many different kinds of interest groups and PACs, we see that everyone’s opinion comes into consideration politically. Although members of interest groups do not run candidates for office, they become politically active when their members believe that a government policy threatens or affects the group’s goals. Lobbying is quintessential of interest groups. The term lobbying is used to  describe the activities of a group or organization that seek to persuade political leaders to support the group’s decision (521). When interest groups become active politically, they use the technique lobbying to make their interests heard and understood by those who are in a position to influence or cause change in governmental policies, usually by testifying at hearings or contacting legislators directly(521). Interest groups often lobby congress by making a congressional testimony on behalf of the group, writing letters from interested constitutes and making campaign contributions. It is no surprise that some of the most effective lobbyists are former members of Congress, staff aides, and other Washington insiders. Lobbying in Congress, as in all lobbying is successful when the lobbyist has a good reputation for fair play and provides the people they are trying to persuade with accurate information (522). Interest groups can lobby one or more levels of the executive branch of government to influence policy by, again, providing accurate information and a clear sense of where the public stands(522). Interest g roups also lobby the courts. When interest groups are lobbying the courts, they either use the form of ‘direct sponsorship’ or the filing of ‘amicus curiae’ briefs. Direct sponsorship is when the lobbyist provides resources to direct a case through the judicial system. If a case comes up that an interest group is interested in, but not sponsoring, they can file an ‘amicus’ brief to inform the justices of the group’s policy preferences (523). No matter who is being lobbied, most interest groups have found that they are most successful when ‘grassroots lobbying’ is put into play, where the masses are informed as to what the interest group’s goal is and there is high public awareness of the issue. In addition to lobbying, interest groups play a key role in the electoral process. Interest groups will recruit, endorse, and/ or provide financial or other support for political candidates to focus voter’s attention on candidates who advocate policies that will help achieve the interest group’s goals. Some ideological groups will go as far as to rate the candidates to provide a clear guide for their members and the general public as to how they feel about the candidate. In addition to simply endorsing the candidates of their choices, there have been many get-out-the-vote (GOTV) efforts. PACs are allowed to raise money to contribute directly to political candidates in national elections. Interest groups are essential during an  election because they do the research on candidates for people who would normally not do so(525). Like in any type of group, there have been some cases of corruption among interest groups. In 2006, Jack Abramoff pleaded guilty to corruption charges which led to the passing of the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act in 2007. The act restricted and reformed a lot of the practices that had been going on. It banned gifts to members of Congress and their staffs, made extensive disclosure requirements, and increased the time limit on moving from the federal government to the private sector (529). Interest groups are essential to U.S. politics in that, through their influence, they enhance political participation by motivating like- minded individuals to work toward a common goal. When the right leaders, funding, and members interest groups can take pride when they know they have made a difference in election outcomes.

Reaction Time Essay

Summary This experiment aimed to determine the reaction time of the test participant and using the subtractive method identify the selection time and identification time of the participant. The experiments had one participant who participated in a total of 6 experiments; two experiments required a simple reaction with a single stimulus and 4 experiments that required a more complicated reaction. Keywords Subtractive method – the procedure of estimating the time it takes to perform various cognitive operations. Simple reaction – this reaction time task has a single stimulus and requires only a single reaction Choice reaction – In this reaction time task there are more than one stimulus and more than one response. Each stimulus has its own response. Donders A B and C reactions – In this reaction time task there is more than one stimulus but only one stimulus is linked with a response. Introduction Donders A B and C reactions have been used to determine the time it takes to perform cognitive operations for quite some time now. In these experiments we aimed to use light and sound stimuli in the react time tasks to determine individual base time, Identification time and selection time. Using one female college student (23 years) and one person recording the different reaction times. The experiments took place over a period of two days, with the first experiment taking place on one afternoon and the next 5 experiments a week later in the afternoon again. 2. Methods 2. 2 Apparatus and materials. One pen and paper to record reaction times, one Reaction task machine which came equipped with headphones for sound stimuli, a screen for visual stimuli and a panel of buttons colored red, yellow and green for responses. 2. 3 Procedure Pilot Test The participant stood on the reaction task side of the machine and put on the headphones after having been already instructed to press the red button when they heard both sound and visual stimulus. The observer then set the machine to pilot test, simple reaction test and selected the color red. The observer then gave a visual signal to the participant to let them know the experiment was about to begin. In this pilot test the participant was required to press the red button each time they saw the red light flash when it was accompanied with a voice that said red. At the end of a test a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The light and sound stimuli were given for a total of 20 times if the participant did not make any mistakes (that is pressed the red but only when both stimuli were given) then the pilot test was completed successfully, if not the machine would reset itself and would have to be set again and the test would be administered again. This stage was also a learning phase for both participants and observers as both were using this type of machine for the first time. Experiment 1. The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed they were required to press the red button each time they saw a red light. The observer then set the machine to real test, selected simple reaction and selected the color red. . There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 2 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed they were required to press the red button only when they saw the red light flash across the light panel. The participant was instructed not to press a button for any other colour. The observer then set the machine to real test, selected selection reaction and pressed the clear colour button as well as the red. . There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 3 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press the button that corresponded with the colour they saw flash across the screen i. e. see green light, press green button. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 4 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press only the red button when they heard the high frequency sound. The observer then set the machine to real test, simple reaction test and selected high frequency sound. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 5 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press the red button only when they heard the high frequency sound. The observer then set the machine to real test, choice reaction test and selected all the frequencies. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 6 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pir of headphones after having been already instructed to press the button that corresponded with the frequency of sound they heard, i. e. high frequency= red button, middle frequency=green button and low frequency=yellow button. The observer then set the machine to real test, choice reaction test and selected all the frequencies. This time there was no hand signal given to the participant by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer.

Famous Pirates in Books and Movies

Famous Pirates in Books and Movies The fictional pirates of todays books and movies dont have much to do with the real-life buccaneers who sailed the seas centuries ago! Here are some of the most famous pirates of fiction, with their historical accuracy thrown in for good measure. Long John Silver Where he appears: Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, and subsequently countless books, movies, TV shows, video games, etc. Robert Newton played him several times in the 1950s: his language and dialect are responsible for the pirate speak so popular today (Arrrr, matey!). He is an important character in the TV show Black Sails as well.Description: Long John Silver was a charming rogue. Young Jim Hawkins and his friends set out to find a great treasure: they hire a ship and crew, including the one-legged Silver. Silver is at first a loyal ally, but soon his treachery is discovered as he attempts to steal the ship and the treasure. Silver is one of the great all-time literary characters and arguably the best-known fictional pirate ever. In Black Sails, Silver is clever and opportunistic.Accuracy: Long John Silver is surprisingly accurate. Like many pirates, he had lost a limb in battle somewhere: this would have entitled him to extra loot under most pirate articles. Also like ma ny crippled pirates, he became a ships cook. His treachery and ability to switch sides back and forth mark him as a true pirate. He was quartermaster under the notorious Captain Flint: it was said that Silver was the only man Flint feared. This is accurate as well, as the quartermaster was the second-most important post on a pirate ship and an important check on the captains power. Captain Jack Sparrow Where he appears: The Pirates of the Caribbean movies and all sorts of other Disney commercial tie-ins: video games, toys, books, etc.Description: Captain Jack Sparrow, as played by actor Johnny Depp, is a lovable rogue who can switch sides in a heartbeat but always seems to wind up on the side of the good guys. Sparrow is charming and slick and can talk himself into and out of trouble quite easily. He has a deep attachment to piracy and to being captain of a pirate ship.Accuracy: Captain Jack Sparrow is not very historically accurate. He is said to be a leading member of the Brethren Court, a confederation of pirates. While there was a loose organization in the late seventeenth century called the Brethren of the Coast, its members were buccaneers and privateers, not pirates. Pirates rarely worked together and even robbed one another at times. Captain Jacks preference for weapons such as pistols and sabers is accurate. His ability to use his wits instead of brute force was a hallmark of some, but not many pirates: Howell Davis and Bartholomew Roberts are two examples. Other aspects of his character, such as turning undead as part of an Aztec curse, are of course nonsense. Captain Hook Where he appears: Captain Hook is the main antagonist of Peter Pan. He made his first appearance in J.M. Barries 1904 play Peter Pan, or, the boy who wouldnt grow up. He has appeared in just about everything related to Peter Pan since including movies, books, cartoons, video games, etc.Description: Hook is a handsome pirate who dresses in fancy clothes. He has a hook in place of one hand since losing the hand to Peter in a sword fight. Peter fed the hand to a hungry crocodile, which now follows Hook around hoping to eat the rest of him. Lord of the pirate village in Neverland, Hook is clever, wicked and cruel.Accuracy: Hook is not terribly accurate, and in fact has spread certain myths about pirates. He is constantly looking to make Peter, the lost boys or any other enemy walk the plank. This myth is now commonly associated with pirates largely because of Hooks popularity, although very few pirate crews ever forced someone to walk the plank. Hooks for hands are also now a popular par t of pirate Halloween costumes, although there are no famous historical pirates who ever wore one. Dread Pirate Roberts Where he appears: Dread Pirate Roberts is a character in the 1973 novel The Princess Bride and the 1987 movie of the same name.Description: Roberts is a very fearsome pirate who terrorizes the seas. It is revealed, however, that Roberts (who wears a mask) is not one but several men who have handed the name down to a series of successors. Each Dread Pirate Roberts retires when wealthy after training his replacement. Westley, the hero of the book and movie, was Dread Pirate Roberts for a while before leaving to seek Princess Buttercup, his true love.Accuracy: Very little. There is no record of pirates franchising their name or doing anything for true love, unless their true love of gold and plunder counts. Just about the only thing historically accurate is the name, a nod to Bartholomew Roberts, the greatest pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy. Still, the book and movie are a lot of fun!

Free Essays on The Visitant

"The Visitant" In my opinion, Markheim’s visitant was a demon†¦ perhaps Satan himself. This was my first impression, and I plan to stick with it. Though the visitant may have seemed partially kind and caring, he was actually, in my opinion, telling partial truths to get Markheim hooked, then telling complete lies. He was also trying to get him to commit even more sins by doing this. If you ask me, this sound like the work of Satan, and if one wished to look deeply into this, he would see that the visitant carries many traits of Satan, as written about in the Bible. Many seem to believe that this visitant was an angel, had many traits of an angel, or was, perhaps, Markheim’s own conscience. Let us examine this situation more closely. If this visitant were, in fact, an angel, would an angel offer to help one steal? Would an angel tell someone to kill? I believe that the fact bringing others to believe that he was an angel lies in him telling Markheim how he had progressed so steadily in doing evil deeds. To others, this may have seemed to be a sort of conviction, but when I look at this situation, it appears to me that the visitant is telling him this, only to prove that he is doomed to it. Another thing making him appear to some as an angel would be that, when Markheim stated firmly that he would not commit to evil, it said, â€Å"The features of the visitor began to undergo a wonderful and lovely change; they brightened and softened with a tender triumph; and, even as they brightened, faded and dislimned.† (pg.46) This may seem as though the visitant’s goal was to turn him towards God, and in it, he was triumphant†¦ This, on the other hand, cannot be so. Let’s not forget his repeated offers to help Markheim steal the money, his constant reference to the return of the maid, or his recommendation to kill her in order to resist having a witness against him. I have even greater proof that this visitant was not sent by G... Free Essays on The Visitant Free Essays on The Visitant "The Visitant" In my opinion, Markheim’s visitant was a demon†¦ perhaps Satan himself. This was my first impression, and I plan to stick with it. Though the visitant may have seemed partially kind and caring, he was actually, in my opinion, telling partial truths to get Markheim hooked, then telling complete lies. He was also trying to get him to commit even more sins by doing this. If you ask me, this sound like the work of Satan, and if one wished to look deeply into this, he would see that the visitant carries many traits of Satan, as written about in the Bible. Many seem to believe that this visitant was an angel, had many traits of an angel, or was, perhaps, Markheim’s own conscience. Let us examine this situation more closely. If this visitant were, in fact, an angel, would an angel offer to help one steal? Would an angel tell someone to kill? I believe that the fact bringing others to believe that he was an angel lies in him telling Markheim how he had progressed so steadily in doing evil deeds. To others, this may have seemed to be a sort of conviction, but when I look at this situation, it appears to me that the visitant is telling him this, only to prove that he is doomed to it. Another thing making him appear to some as an angel would be that, when Markheim stated firmly that he would not commit to evil, it said, â€Å"The features of the visitor began to undergo a wonderful and lovely change; they brightened and softened with a tender triumph; and, even as they brightened, faded and dislimned.† (pg.46) This may seem as though the visitant’s goal was to turn him towards God, and in it, he was triumphant†¦ This, on the other hand, cannot be so. Let’s not forget his repeated offers to help Markheim steal the money, his constant reference to the return of the maid, or his recommendation to kill her in order to resist having a witness against him. I have even greater proof that this visitant was not sent by G...

Components of Qualitative Approach Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Components of Qualitative Approach - Assignment Example The three topics all involve the use of qualitative information. To investigate the political opinions of citizens of a country A, a researcher has to set interviews that will convert qualitative attributes to quantitative measures. For example, an interview can set a question like â€Å"Do the contestants you intend to vote for know your economic challenges†. The responses can be assigned numeric indices to measure their strengths for example: Interviews usually have challenges during data collection because it deals with personal opinions and often touches on sensitive issues which many respondents may not be willing to provide information on. There is always a risk of collecting inaccurate data due to confidentiality. Secondly, respondents do not realize the importance of the data being collected. They thus do not present exact information. They either exaggerate and fabricate information or conceal real truth. Thirdly, language barrier may prevent the interviewer and the respondents from communicating. Involving an interpreter may be irritating to the respondents and they may not take part in the exercise. There are ways of dealing with the challenges in order to improve the quality of data collected. For the sake of accuracy, it is ideal to express friendliness to the respondents in order to win their confidence. This will encourage them to be honest with their information. The issue of language barrier can only be solved using an interpreter. It means the researcher has the responsibility to acquire an interpreter. Qualitative interviews according to the perspectives of Singh (2007) are essential for research works first, because the information regarding social and political subjects is usually of qualitative nature. Secondly, it is easier to interpret qualitative information into measurable quantities that people can easily understand. Qualitative

Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board - Assignment Example Even more, the issue of slavery was something that caused agitation, a stir and impasse within the corridors politics and the dynamic American society. Calhoun in his speech stresses that the palatable shakeup of the subject of slavery would, if not vetoed by some judicious and effectual measure, end in disagreement amongst the parties involved. Calhoun in his plausible speech believes that the anguish had reached certain levels that were potentially harmful to the survival of the Union. At this point, the kind of threat that faces the Union prompts Calhoun to opine the urgent need to preserve the Union. In contrast, Webster in his speech is in favor of compromising. In his speech, Webster believes strongly so that the Constitution should recognize property in slavery. Similarly, Seward like Calhoun in his pristine speech acknowledges that the Union was steeped in danger, and that the only way to save it was through compromise. In contrast, however, Seward in his speech appears to be objected towards the inclusion of slavery into the Constitution. He opines that the constitutional recognition of slavery is in contravention to the law of nature. Considerably, he goes further to express the fact we rely upon the laws of God, which outlaw slavery. And that all human enactments are re-enactments of God’s law. Despite it being florid and overwrought, I find Seward’s argument a lot more compelling as it puts the human interests first before anything. His argument is primed on the bicentenary of the elimination of

Why, if at all, is freedom a good thing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why, if at all, is freedom a good thing - Essay Example The Anti-Terrorism Act 2001 has already made privacy and freedom to conduct political manifestations of the Freedom of Speech a thing of yesterday.We have accusations of hate speech and incitement everywhere.. All this has left us wondering whether Freedom can exist with law or Voltaire said we are in the shackles of law,regulations and even democracy everywhere we go.Are we actually free or have we been led to believe that we are free in the trap of the legal norms of this society The so called modern British Citizen is not free from the nuances of being controlled by the Government.Many recent developments would indicate that the modern British citizen despite being domiciled in a free country is still subject to draconian laws like the Regulation of Investigatory powers Act 2000 which allows public authorities to access communications data, of British citizens for investigation. Furthermore these public authorities can also obtain communications data from operators of telecommunications or postal services. Therefore now the police, the National Criminal Intelligence Service, the National Crime Squad, the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue and any of the intelligence services all have access to an individual's private information which is indeed a scary prospect.It is also true that the word freedom has become a concept much played by political bias and historical arm twisting.Consider the situation post 9/11 where Mrs M ary Robinson,1 once stated "Unfortunately, what I saw and heard was undemocratic regimes using the tragedy in the United States of 9/11 to pursue their own repressive policies, secure in the belief that their excesses would be ignored. New laws and detention practices were introduced in a significant number of countries, all broadly justified by the new international war on terrorism. The extension of security policies in many countries has been used to suppress political dissent and to stifle expression of opinion of many who have no link to terrorism and are not associated with political violence." Of course then all the atrocities in the Iraq and Afghan war were carried out in the name of Freedom.The media responded by taking "freedom of speech" for granted by showing its own versions to the audience and shamelessly selling its credibility as many "fair and balanced" members of the media chose to become "embedded" journalists. Today there is no concept of paid political advertising on television and radio. This is a flagrant breach of the freedom of speech and expression. Moreover this ban on political advertising does not just apply to political parties, but anyone with political views. All is not lost however. The saving grace comes from the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Human Rights Act 1998 which have aided the judiciary in upholding the notions of Freedom of speech and privacy. Taking the example of the Data Protection Act 1998.This act compels data controllers to erase information like patients details or telecoms customers call records etc. Data controllers can be anyone from a doctor to a telecom company. Moreover the Human rights Act 1998 has played a large role in strengthening the